Vy Vo – Microbial Influences on Human Health 323

Probiotic Is defined as a live microorganism which has benefits for the human digestive system. Mono or mixed culture of organisms in probiotic improve intestinal microflora related to introduced or existing bacteria in the colon [1]. Many studied showed positive effects of probiotics such as decrease risk of childhood atopic, rotavirus shedding in infants, and diarrhea [1] There are many types probiotics in markets for both meals and medicine. My food choice to improve my microbial community is yogurt. I usually eat yogurt which made in my family. My yogurt usually made from goat milk which has a lot of proteins, vitamins, and minerals. All these increase digestive abilities and lower allergy symptoms. Also, there are abundant probiotics such as thermophiles, bulgaricus, and bifudus in goat milk [3]. Besides, fermented products such as miso soup, pickles, and kimchi are my favorite food for my gut microbiota. Miso soup is Japanese food which is made from fermented rice, bean, or rye. Miso soup had a lot of lactobacilli and Bifidus bacteria from the fermentation process, so miso soup helps to reduce stomach inflammation and improve digestion. Also, pickles from carrot and radish and kimchi from cabbage have a lot of prime probiotics as well as vitamin C, B, beta-carotene, calcium, iron, potassium, and fiber from vegetable which assists digestive system [5]. My non-intentional choice is non-dairy products including dark chocolate and ice cream which consists antibiotics from manufacturing process [1]. These were found as assistants of probiotics in order survive in extreme pHs of the stomach [6].

Sources:

1. Bhadoria PB, Mahapatra SC. Prospects, Technological Aspects and Limitations of Probiotics–A Worldwide Review.
2. Cruz AG, Antunes AE, Sousa AL, Faria JA, Saad SM. 2009. Ice-cream as a probiotic food carrier. Food Research International. 42(9):1233-9.
3.  Damunupola DA, Weerathilake WA, Sumanasekara G.2014.  Evaluation of Quality Characteristics of Goat Milk Yogurt Incorporated with Beetroot Juice. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications. 2250-3153.
4. Fujisawa T, Shinohara K, Kishimoto Y, Terada A.2006. Effect of miso soup containing Natto on the composition and metabolic activity of the human faecal flora. Microbial ecology in health and disease. 18(2):79-84.
5. Irkin R, Songun GE. Applications of probiotic bacteria to the vegetable pickle products. Scientific Reviews and Chemical Communications. 2012;2(4)
6. Possemiers S, Marzorati M, Verstraete W, Van de Wiele T. 2010.Bacteria and chocolate: a successful combination for probiotic delivery. International journal of food microbiology. 141(1):97-103.

 

Celli, Erramilli, and Bansil in the department of Physics at Boston University, Turner, Afdhal, Keates, Ghiran, and Kelly in Division of Gastroenterology at Beth Israsel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Ewoldt and McKinley in Department of Mechanical Engineering, and So in Department of Biological Engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in their study entitled “Helicobacter Pylori moves through mucus by reducing mucin viscoelasticity” (2009) find that H. Pylori has the ability to swim freely in gastric mucin by elevating pH- dependent rheology and reducing viscoelasticity. The research team provides evidence that H.pylori causes pH elevation by hydrolysis of urea through rheology studies using two-photon fluoresce microscopy. The purpose of this study is to understand the effects of H.pylori on gastric mucin as well as how H.pylori moves in the gastric mucin, so that we may learn more about H.pylori as a causative agent of gastric inflammation and H.pylori infections. The paper contributes a new finding about capability of H.pylori in the relationship with microbiological research as well as healthcare fields.

Citation: Celli JP, Turner BS, Afdhal NH, Keates S, Ghiran I, Kelly CP, Ewoldt RH, McKinley GH, So P, Erramilli S, Bansil R. 2009. Helicobacter pylori moves through mucus by reducing mucin viscoelasticity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 06(34):14321-6.

1. Excessive alcohol consumption: alcohol changes the gastrointestinal tract (GI) microbiota composition. Also, alcohol consumption disrupts intestinal barrier which against pathogens as well as alcohol-induced liver pathology including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and alcoholic liver disease (ALD). There is a relationship between alcohol-induced oxidative stress, intestinal hyperpermeability to luminal bacterial products. The excessive alcohol consumptions that is detrimental to human health cause disruption of intestinal microbiota hemostasis- dysbiosis. The alcohol-induced changes can cause alcohol-related disorders, quantitative and qualitative dysbiotic changes, the development of alcoholic liver disease (ALD), and other diseases. Alcohol consumption increases GIT inflammation such as inflammatory of bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), celiac disease, intestinal hyper permeability and triggers tissue damage/organ pathologies and others. Alcohol consumption is associated with risk of development of cancer, abnormal function of the immune system as well as risk of acute and chronic infections, and other diseases including pancreaitis, heart disease, and circadian clock.
2. Use of antibiotic: antibiotic affects negatively to gut microbiota, and the human microbiome is disrupted such as collection of cells, genes, metabolites from eukaryotes, and viruses). The overuse or use of antibiotic without intention which changes microbiome composition can cause health problems related to immune system, metabolic problems, disorders and infectious diseases. Antibiotic can affect caesarean sections associated with immunological disorders such as asthma and type 1 diabetes. Also, antibiotic can cause increasing the risk of overweight for boys during infancy. Using antibiotic rationally and frugally can prevent microbiome disruption and restore microbiota. The effects of antibiotics are based on concentration of drug, different microbial growth stages, and others. Besides, the combination of antibiotic and antibiotic-resistant bacteria can lead to reduction of mitochondrial gene expression and mitochondria per cell. Antibiotic that may contribute to enhance bacterial translocation out of the gut is related to bile acid-hydroxylating activity of clostridium scindens to against Clostridium difficile.
3. Diet pattern: Diet patterns that affect on gut microbiota composition are related to combination of bacteria in the intestine called enterotypes. The three human enterotypes are Prevotella, Bacteroides, and Ruminococcus. The substrates for intestinal microbial metabolism is from food components which are indigestible for human enzymes.
4. Fiber intake: The increasing fiber intake contributes to bacterial diversity and proliferation. The consumption of agro-pastoral-derived foods are related to the occurrence of bifidobacteria in the gut of adult humans. Bifidobacterium plays a role in preventing pathogenic infections by producing acetate. People who don’t have enough vitamin and nutrition intake lack of bacterial diversity. This triggers to GI inflammations and bowel diseases.
5. Living environment: In article “Role of the gut microbiota in health and chronic gastrointestinal disease: understanding a hidden metabolic organ”, the study of Claesson and colleagues showed that people in long-stay care environment had high level of Bacteroidetes while people in community had high level of Firmicutes. Also, people in long-stay care environment lost community-associated microbiota associated with increased frailty and process of diseases. And, the diversity of people in long-stay care is less than people in community.
6. Aging: Aging affects of microbiotic environment. For example, the infant has less complex intestinal microbiota than adults. By 2, the community structure related to the gut microbiota of infants evolves similar with adults. Besides, the age is associated with physiological changes in the gastrointestinal (GI) that compositions of gut microbiota in older people (over 65 years old) is different from young adults.

Sources:

Engen PA, Green SJ, Voigt RM, Forsyth CB, Keshavarzian A. 2015. The Gastrointestinal microbiome: Alcohol effects on the composition of intestinal microbiota. Alcohol Res. 37(2):223-36.

Langdon A, Crook N, Dantas G. 2016. The effects of antibiotics on the microbiome throughout development and alternative approaches for therapeutic modulation. Genome medicine. 8(1):39.

Guinane CM, Cotter PD. Role of the gut microbiota in health and chronic gastrointestinal disease: understanding a hidden metabolic organ. Therapeutic advances in gastroenterology. 2013 Jul;6(4):295-308.

 

 

 

 

In a scenario, as a healthcare professional, a college asks my opinions about which HPV strains should be covered in a new treatment. Based on the article “Viruses and Human Cancer: From Detection to Causality” by Sarid and Gao in 2011, my recommendation that HPV strains including HPVs 16, 18, 31 and 35 because of some reasons. First, HPVs 16,18,31, and 45 strains- high risk strains are accountable for 80% of cervical cancers. The high-risks strains are linked to anogenital cancer as well as other head and neck cancers related. Other HPVs strain such as 39, 51, 52, 56, 58, and 59 are associated to cervical caner and classified as “probably carcinogenic to humans” or “possibly carcinogenic”. This means that these strains are related to cervical cancers but not casual agents. The questions I raised here is if “high risks” HPVs strains play 80% of cervical cancer cases, so the 20% left would belong to which strains. It may be strains 39,51,52,56,58, and 59, but the authors didn’t explain clearly. Instead, they counted these strains as associated agents to cervical cancers. We may need to conduct more researches about role of these strains. Beside, the cost to develop a vaccine for a strain is expensive, so the new treatment should be priority for high risk strains which are HPVs 31 and 35 due to their majority casual percentage in cervical cancer while other associated strains to cervical cancer

The treatment should be administered to both women around age of11-12. HPV which is a human virus is a representative of etiologic agent for cervical cancer, the third cause of mortalities and morbidities for women worldwide. Every year, there are around 12,000 women who are diagnosed with cervical cancer and 4,000 women die in the U.S The target of HPV vaccine is to prevent cervical cancer. The outcome of infection is related to cell cycle and body metabolism pathways, and women puberty starts around 11 which their body metabolism changes as well as cervix. Therefore, getting vaccine during puberty timeline is recommended for girls.

 

Source:

Sarid, Ronit, and Shou-Jiang Gao. 2011.  Viruses and human cancer: from detection to causality. Cancer letters. 305.2:218-227.

“HPV Vaccine Information For Young Women.” Human Papillomavirus (HPV). Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 28 Dec. 2016. Web. 14 Apr. 2017. <https://www.cdc.gov/std/hpv/stdfact-hpv-vaccine-young-women.htm>.

The human non-infectious diseases that I think of that are influenced by microorganisms are Asthma, Diabetes Mellitus,  Colon Cancer, Alzheimer disease, Atherosclerosis, and Inflammantory Bowel disease.  I usually think of a disease whether is chronic or not, and infectious or non-infectious. It’s interesting to learn about a noninfectious disease related to influence of microorganism. When I thought of the question of human non-infectious diseases, I could know some names, but I wasn’t sure whether the diseases are influenced by microorganism. I know about  infectious diseases and microorganism more than non-infectious diseases and microorganism. I focused on microbes caused non-infectious diseases. It was surprising to me to think of microorganism based on their influences on human diseases. It seems that I turned my mind to another side about influences instead of causes.  I searched about roles of microbes and non-infectious diseases which I didn’t know before. I found that it’s great to know new findings of microbes and non-infectious disease from book called “The Role of Microbes in Common Non-Infectious Diseases” . I properly keep reading this book to understand how microbes play roles in human health during this class whose goal is to learn the types of interactions between microorganisms and human health. I’m interested in studying human diseases, and I hope to learn and understand more about relationships between diseases and microbes in this class.

Source: http://www.springer.com/us/book/9781493916696)

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