{"id":445,"date":"2019-07-18T11:30:07","date_gmt":"2019-07-18T11:30:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.oregonstate.edu\/owri\/?p=445"},"modified":"2019-11-04T22:29:58","modified_gmt":"2019-11-04T22:29:58","slug":"abnormal-spring-growth-patterns-observed-in-spring-2019","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dev.blogs.oregonstate.edu\/owri\/2019\/07\/18\/abnormal-spring-growth-patterns-observed-in-spring-2019\/","title":{"rendered":"Abnormal Spring Growth Patterns Observed in Spring 2019"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><em>Dr. Patty Skinkis, Viticulture Extension Specialist &amp; Professor, Dept. of Horticulture, OSU<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Our OSU Viticulture Extension team has been receiving numerous inquiries about delayed and stunted shoot growth this spring, primarily from western wine production regions of the state. Bud break occurred in mid- to late April for most vineyards in the region, which is considered normal. The region experienced frost events in the last few days of April and beginning of May that affected some vineyards from the Willamette Valley down to the Umpqua, Rogue, Applegate and Illinois Valleys of southern Oregon. Questions started coming in during May as growers began reporting delayed bud break and lagging shoot growth across western Oregon. Many of these growers did not report any frost damage from the late April frost events. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Symptoms reported by growers included the following:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Delayed and sporadic bud break in cane pruned vines, with greater delay in growth at mid and distal cane positions.<\/li><li>Stunted or delayed shoot growth, often noticed in shoots on the mid-cane node positions<\/li><li>Shoots with only inflorescences and no shoot tips on vines with healthy shoots<\/li><li>Symptoms were reported for both young and mature vines.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Observations by Region<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Umpqua Valley.&nbsp; <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/horticulture.oregonstate.edu\/users\/stephen-renquist\">Steve\nRenquist<\/a>, OSU Extension Horticulturist in Douglas County, reported more\nissues in the northern half of Douglas County, primarily in higher elevation\nsites and hilltop areas of vineyards. Affected vineyards had uneven vine growth\nand some vines not breaking bud at all, primarily for Spanish and Rhone\ncultivars, many of which break bud earlier than cool climate cultivars. Canes\nhad green cambium but buds were not pushing, and healthy shoot growth was\nprimarily coming from suckers at the head and trunks of vines. He attributed\nthe symptoms to cold damage caused by prolonged cold weather for two weeks in\nFebruary combined with persistent snow cover. This time period was also\ncharacterized windy, cold nighttime conditions that may have led to further\ndamage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Southern Oregon.<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/owri.oregonstate.edu\/users\/alexander-levin\">Alex Levin<\/a>, Assistant\nProfessor at the OSU Southern Oregon Research and Extension Center in Central\nPoint, reported strange early season growth that was suspected to be due to the\npost-bud break frost events. However, the symptoms differed from typical frost\ndamage and was not found only in low lying areas of vineyards. The problem was\nmost prominent in Pinot noir compared to other cultivars in the region. Growers\nreported delayed bud break, stunted shoot growth, shoots with no shoot tips,\nbuds that grew flower clusters with no shoot or minimal shoot (<strong>Figure 2<\/strong>), and leaf cupping with\nblackened\/necrotic lesions of the leaf blade-petiole juncture (<strong>Figure 3<\/strong>). However, by late May, vine\ngrowth improved with warmer temperatures and lateral shoot push. It is unclear\nwhat caused these symptoms, but they align with those associated with <a href=\"http:\/\/cesonoma.ucanr.edu\/files\/218499.pdf\">Pinot Leaf Curl<\/a>, a\nphysiological disorder reported in California.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"577\" src=\"https:\/\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/1697\/files\/2019\/07\/Figure-1_Skinkis-1024x577.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-446\" srcset=\"https:\/\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/1697\/files\/2019\/07\/Figure-1_Skinkis-1024x577.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/1697\/files\/2019\/07\/Figure-1_Skinkis-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/1697\/files\/2019\/07\/Figure-1_Skinkis-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/1697\/files\/2019\/07\/Figure-1_Skinkis.jpg 1357w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><figcaption> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Stunted shoots and blind buds on 6-year-old Tempranillo vines in late May 2019 in Douglas County. Shoots at the head and trunk of the vine are growing normal. Photo received from grower via an OSU Extension inquiry. <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/1697\/files\/2019\/07\/Figure-2_Skinkis-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-447\" srcset=\"https:\/\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/1697\/files\/2019\/07\/Figure-2_Skinkis-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/1697\/files\/2019\/07\/Figure-2_Skinkis-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/1697\/files\/2019\/07\/Figure-2_Skinkis-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/1697\/files\/2019\/07\/Figure-2_Skinkis.jpg 1440w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><figcaption> <strong>Figure 2.<\/strong> A cane pruned Pinot noir vine from the Illinois Valley showing symptoms of stunted shoots with inflorescences growing from the cane and normal looking shoots growing from the head of the vine. Photo received via an OSU Extension inquiry. <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"767\" src=\"https:\/\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/1697\/files\/2019\/07\/Figure-3_Skinkis-1024x767.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-448\" srcset=\"https:\/\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/1697\/files\/2019\/07\/Figure-3_Skinkis-1024x767.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/1697\/files\/2019\/07\/Figure-3_Skinkis-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/1697\/files\/2019\/07\/Figure-3_Skinkis-768x575.jpg 768w, https:\/\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/1697\/files\/2019\/07\/Figure-3_Skinkis.jpg 1081w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><figcaption> <strong>Figure 3.<\/strong> A young Pinot noir shoot from a southern Oregon vineyard that has cupped leaves and blackened areas of the leaf petiole and veins (leaf to the left of the main shoot above). Photo received via an OSU Extension inquiry. <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Willamette Valley<\/strong>. There were fewer reports of delayed bud break and stunting in the Willamette Valley than in the southern reaches of the state. However, similar symptoms were reported. In some cases, vineyards with delayed growth were linked to frost damage, vine nutrient stress, or trunk disease. In several cases, the cause of the problem was likely related to a compounding effect of vine stress over several seasons. The dry 2018 growing season took a toll on vine growth that may be manifesting symptoms this season. In examining data over multiple sites and multiple seasons in one of my research projects, I found that pruning weights were lower in 2018 than in the past six seasons (<strong>Figure 4<\/strong>). The pruning weights ranged from 0.07 to 0.16 lb\/ft across the vineyards, which is lower than the 0.2-0.4 lb\/ft that is considered optimum range for plant vigor. Most people reported having full canopies during 2018 that required less hedging; this may suggest fewer carbohydrates were stored in reserves by the post-harvest period.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A lack of reserve carbohydrates and nutrients may lead to reduced shoot growth in spring, as the vine is relying on stored resources for growth after bud break. If a vine is compromised in some way (e.g. trunk disease, crown gall, water stress, etc.) low carbohydrate reserves can further exacerbate issues with early season growth. It is possible that other areas of the state experienced similar declines in grapevine growth in 2018 that may play a role in what is being manifested as 2019 erratic spring growth. Exploring your own historical pruning weight data will help determine if you see a similar trend for 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"869\" height=\"472\" src=\"https:\/\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/1697\/files\/2019\/07\/Figure-4_Skinkis.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-449\" srcset=\"https:\/\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/1697\/files\/2019\/07\/Figure-4_Skinkis.jpg 869w, https:\/\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/1697\/files\/2019\/07\/Figure-4_Skinkis-300x163.jpg 300w, https:\/\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/1697\/files\/2019\/07\/Figure-4_Skinkis-768x417.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><figcaption> <strong>Figure 4<\/strong>. Dormant vine pruning weights of vineyards in the <em>OSU Statewide Crop Load Project<\/em> from 2012-2016. Means are presented for all sites in the study for each crop year. Data are from 12-15 vineyards per year. All vineyards are located within the Willamette Valley. <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Weather considerations<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Weather also needs to be considered as a factor affecting growth this spring. The 2018-2019 winter was mild until February which brought colder temperatures to most of the region. Mean daily temperatures for the month of February ranged from 36 to 38\u00b0F across western Oregon which are 5-6\u00b0F lower than the long-term averages for February. The rest of the dormant period (Nov-Mar) differed from the long-term averages by ~1-2\u00b0F. Despite being cooler in February, the minimum daily temperatures observed in February in western Oregon (29-33\u00b0F) were not within the range known to cause damage to dormant grapevines. However, the temperatures may have caused some tissue damage for vines in ecodormancy, the state at which vine tissues begin to deacclimate for spring. Grapevine tissues (phloem, buds, and xylem) become more sensitive to cold temperatures in the deacclimation phase and can be damaged at increasing temperatures (Ferguson et al. 2011). Fluctuating daily temperatures lead to changes in the vine\u2019s cold hardiness (e.g. low temperature tolerance). The warmer conditions in January may have led to vine deacclimation, leaving tissues more sensitive to temperatures in February. Cool climate cultivars have quicker deacclimation and earlier bud break (Ferguson et al 2014) that may leave them more vulnerable to damage late winter than other cultivars. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Research conducted at OSU described the chilling\nrequirements for Pinot noir to transition to different stages of dormancy and\nthe temperature thresholds that would damage buds at the quiescent stage through\nto early growth stages. The results showed that 50% of the buds were damaged &nbsp;(LD<sub>50<\/sub>) at 6.8 \u00b0F,\n25.8\u00b0F,\nand 28.0\u00b0F\nfor the quiescent, bud swell, and bud burst stages, respectively (Gardea 1988).\nAnother study showed a threshold of 300 cumulative chilling hours to reach\necodormancy in Pinot noir (Gardea 1992). The more chilling that was received\nduring dormancy led to more even bud break in that study. There is also the\npotential that low temperatures in winter and early spring to affect cell\ngrowth and development without causing death of the bud or vascular tissues.\nCool winter and spring temperatures can influence vine growth and lead to\nslowed shoot development, deformed leaves and other physiological disorders\nthat are not well described. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Although temperature data that is available from regional\nweather stations, such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.usbr.gov\/pn\/agrimet\/webarcread.html\">AgriMet<\/a>, do not\nindicate concerning temperatures, check temperature data from on-vineyard\nweather stations, if available. Fluctuating warm and cold temperatures in late\nwinter, particularly in the January to March period, may explain one potential\nfactor related to irregular growth you may be seeing in your vineyards. Be sure\nto check the cold temperatures for late April and early May, as post-bud break\nfrost events occurred across western Oregon. These frost events may have also\nled to some tissue death or irregular growth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There are many factors that can lead to delayed bud break\nand stunted vine growth in spring, including trunk disease, tissue damage due\nto frost or cold temperature events, nutrient deficiency, vole damage, rust or\nbud mites, and herbicide damage. However, the delayed growth and stunting reported\nin vineyards this spring seems to be somewhat consistent across the western\nregion of the state, suggesting an abiotic factor. The weather conditions\nduring late winter and early spring may have played a role in addition to\nunderlying factors that influence vine health and productivity. To learn more\nabout causes of stunting and delayed growth or about cold hardiness of\ngrapevine tissues, be sure to explore the online resources below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Further Reading<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu\/em8975\">Recognize the Symptoms\nand Causes of Stunted Growth in Vineyards<\/a>, OSU Extension publication and\napp<\/li><li><a href=\"http:\/\/wine.wsu.edu\/extension\/weather\/cold-hardiness\/\">Grapevine Cold\nHardiness Monitoring<\/a>, WSU<\/li><li><a href=\"http:\/\/wine.wsu.edu\/extension\/weather\/cold-hardiness\/model\/\">WSU\nGrapevine Cold Hardiness Model<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"http:\/\/cesonoma.ucanr.edu\/files\/218499.pdf\">Pinot Leaf Curl<\/a>, UC\nCooperative Extension<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Literature Cited<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ferguson JC, Tarara JM, Mills LJ, Grove GG, Keller M. 2011. <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aob\/article\/107\/3\/389\/146378\">Dynamic thermal\ntime model of cold hardiness for dormant grapevine buds<\/a>. Ann Bot 107 (3)\n389-396.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ferguson JC, Moyer MM, Mills LJ, Hoogenboom G, Keller M.\n2014. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ajevonline.org\/content\/65\/1\/59\">Modeling dormant bud\ncold hardiness and bud break in twenty-three <em>Vitis<\/em> genotypes reveals variation by region of origin<\/a>. Am J\nEnol Vitic 65: 59-71.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Gardea AA. 1988. <a href=\"https:\/\/ir.library.oregonstate.edu\/concern\/graduate_thesis_or_dissertations\/gt54kq01r\">Freeze\ndamage of Pinot noir (<em>Vitis vinifera<\/em>\nL.) as affected by bud development, INA-bacteria, and a bacterial inhibitor<\/a>.\nMS Thesis. Oregon State University.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Gardea AA. 1992. <a href=\"https:\/\/ir.library.oregonstate.edu\/concern\/graduate_thesis_or_dissertations\/hd76s2229\">Water\npartitioning and respiration activity of dormant grape buds<\/a>. PhD Thesis.\nOregon State University. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Dr. Patty Skinkis, Viticulture Extension Specialist &amp; Professor, Dept. of Horticulture, OSU Our OSU Viticulture Extension team has been receiving numerous inquiries about delayed and stunted shoot growth this spring, primarily from western wine production regions of the state. Bud break occurred in mid- to late April for most vineyards in the region, which is &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dev.blogs.oregonstate.edu\/owri\/2019\/07\/18\/abnormal-spring-growth-patterns-observed-in-spring-2019\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Abnormal Spring Growth Patterns Observed in Spring 2019&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8237,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-445","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dev.blogs.oregonstate.edu\/owri\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/445","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dev.blogs.oregonstate.edu\/owri\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dev.blogs.oregonstate.edu\/owri\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dev.blogs.oregonstate.edu\/owri\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8237"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dev.blogs.oregonstate.edu\/owri\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=445"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/dev.blogs.oregonstate.edu\/owri\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/445\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":465,"href":"https:\/\/dev.blogs.oregonstate.edu\/owri\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/445\/revisions\/465"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dev.blogs.oregonstate.edu\/owri\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=445"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dev.blogs.oregonstate.edu\/owri\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=445"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dev.blogs.oregonstate.edu\/owri\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=445"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}