Bryan Begay
GEOG566
05/31/2019
- Question asked?
How does forest aesthetics vary depending on forest structure as a result of active management that retains vegetation and landforms?
In order to answer my question I would look at two stands in the McDonald-Dunn forest to do some analysis on how their forest structure is related to forest aesthetics. The first stand is Saddleback which had been logged in 1999 and shows signs of management. The second stand was identified near Baker Creek, and is 1 mile west of Saddleback. Baker Creek was chose for its riparian characteristics, as well as having no signs of management activates.
- A description of the data set.
The LiDAR data that I used with my initial analysis was 2008 DOGAMI LiDAR flown over the McDonald-Dunn forest. The RMSE for this data set was 1.5cm. The DEM data set I used was from 2009 has a RMSE of 0.3 m. A Canopy Height Model (CHM) was made in RStudio lidR package that used a digital surface model with a 1 meter resolution. The CHM was used to create an individual tree segmentation, where segmented trees were then converted to point data.
https://gimbalmonkey.github.io/SaddlebackPC/index.html
A link to a visualization of the raw point cloud that is georeferenced to its terrain.
- Hypotheses: predictions of patterns and processes you looked for.
I suspected that initially the Baker Creek stand would have higher forest aesthetic that would reflect in the stand’s unmanaged vegetation structure.
Rational
Since the Saddleback had been managed and cut I figured the more natural structure of the riparian stand would have generally higher forest aesthetics than a stand that has been altered by anthropogenic factors. Some processes that I hypothesized that relates to forest aesthetics to these stands was the spatial point pattern of trees could be related to forest aesthetics. Insert forest aesthetic link:
- Approaches: analysis approaches you used.
Exercise 1: Ripley’s K Analysis point pattern analysis
The steps taken to create a point pattern analysis was to identify individual trees and convert the trees into point data. The RStudio lidR package was used to create a Canopy Height Model and then an Individual tree segmentation. Rasters and shapefiles were create to export the data so I could then use the tree polygons to identify tree points. The spatstat package was used in RStudio as well to perform a Ripley’s K analysis on the point data.
Figure 1. Individual Tree Segmentation using watershed algorithm on Saddleback stand.
Exercise 2: Geographically weighted Regression
The steps taken to do the geographically weighted regression included using the polyongs created from the individual tree segmentation to delineate tree centers. When tree points were created from the centroids of the polygons, which would be inputs for the GWR in ArcMap. A density raster and CHM raster had their data extracted to the point data so that density and tree height could be the variables used in the regression. Tree height was the explanatory variable and density was the independent variable.
Figure 2. Polygon output from Individual tree segmentation using the lidR package. The Watershed algorithm was the means of segmentation, and points were created from polygon centroids in ArcMap.
Exercise 3: Supervised Classification
This analysis involved creating a supervised classification by using training data from NAIP imagery and a maximum likelihood classification algorithm. It involved using the NIR band and creating a false color image that would show the difference spectral reflectance values from conifers and deciduous trees. I used a histogram stretch to visualize the imagery better and spent time gathering quality training data. I then created a confusion matrix by using accuracy points on the training data. I then clipped the thematic map outputs with my individual tree segmentation polygons to show how each tree had their pixels assigned.
- Results
The Ripley’s K analysis in ArcMap showed me that Saddleback stand’s trees are dispersed, and the Baker Creek stand’s trees were spatially clustered. GWR outputs told me that the model in the Saddle back stand showed me a map output where tree heights and density were positively related. The adjusted R2 was 0.69 and gave me a good output that showed me the tallest and densest trees were on the edges of Saddleback stand. The Baker Creek stand’s model performed poorly on the point data with an adjusted R2 of 0.5. The outputs only showed relationships could only be modeled on the upper left of the stand. The classified image worked well on Saddleback stand due to less distortion in the NAIP imagery on that stand, and the Baker Creek stand’s classification was not useful since it had significant distortion in the NAIP imagery.
Exercise 1:
Figure 3. ArcMap Ripley’s K function output for Saddleback stand assessing tree points.
Exercise 2:
Figure 4. Geographically weighted regression of Baker Creek and Saddleback stand. The Hotter colors indicate positive relationships between tree density and tree height.
Exercise 3.
Figure 5. Supervised image classification using a maximum likelihood algorithm on Saddleback stand.
- What did you learn from your results? How are these results important to science? to resource managers?
I learned that Ripley’s K outputs can differ depending on what packages used. R-studio Ripley’s K outputs told me that both my stands had clustered tree patterning. ArcMap outputs that made more sense told me that my Saddleback stand was actually dispersed. Outputs can be variable if inputs are not explicitly understood or modeled with enough care. I also learned that trying to model a very heterogeneous riparian stand is more difficult because of the variability. This is important for researchers who are interest in riparian areas like Baker Creek since they might need to have more variables to adequately model those stands.
- Your learning: what did you learn about software?
I became very familiar with processing and modelling with LiDAR point clouds. I also became familiar with Modelbuilder and learned how to use packages in R like Spatstat. I also found a new method for making a confusion matrix in ArcMap.
- What did you learn about statistics or other techniques?
I learned how to do point pattern analysis with Ripley’s K on tree points. This was done in R and in Arc. In Arc using the spatial statistics tool was also something I used and still plan to use. When using GWR I understood what it does, understood the outputs, and learned to properly interpret the results. I also became more concerned with issues of scale and networks that might affect my areas of interest.
