Here we post the Stata code for the talk Family [work] structure and the rise in Oregon’s rural child poverty rate.
19 Apr 2017
Analysis for the NWCFR conference
NWCFR 2017 Conference April 20-21; Portland OR
Abstract. The rural child poverty rate in Oregon rose from 19% (2000) to 27% (2014). Changes in the economy, family structure, and social policy contribute to child poverty. In comparison to urban places, rural family structures have changed more rapidly (Lichter & Schafft, 2016). Further, rural Oregon communities have transformed away from extractive economies (e.g. timber). These social and economic changes have a strong impact on family relations. We use repeated cross-sectional data from the U.S. Census and American community survey 1980-2015 (n=533,596) to describe and explain how the changing economy and family have contributed to the rise in Oregon’s rural child poverty rate.
Description of the sample
Data is from the ACS at the IPUMS USA
Data notes
WFF refers to a method by Waldfogel (2009) which groups children into households by the amount of parents present in the home and the number of parents employed. The five categories include: Two parents both working, One parent working, Two parents one working, One parent not working, Two parents not working.
The WFF variable has 7.85% missing data. The number of missing increases over time, from a low in 1980 of 5.98% to a high in 2015 of 11.19%. This occurs because children are living in households headed by people that are not parents, such as grandparents, aunts, uncles, and other adults.
For rural area 1990, we use the metaread variable to assign respondents to rural (non-metro status).
All years
. quietly svyset [pweight=perwt]
. tabout povstat sex hhedu wff immigrant irace yr [aw=perwt] usin g table01.txt, c(col) f(3) clab(%) ptotal(none) svy oneway replace
Survey results being calculated
----+--- 1 ---+--- 2 ---+--- 3 ---+--- 4 ---+--- 5 . .........................................
Table output written to: table01.txt
%
povstat
0 0.863
1 0.137
Sex
Male 0.494
Female 0.506
Family head education
HS or Less 0.448
Some College/AA 0.278
BA+ 0.273
waldfogel five family structure: numparents and work
two parents both work 0.387
single parent who works 0.184
two parents, 1 works 0.295
single parent not work 0.089
two parent neither works 0.045
RECODE of citizen (Citizenship status)
Non-immigrant 0.919
immigrant 0.081
Race
White 0.881
Non-White 0.119
RECODE of year (Census year)
1980 0.130
1990 0.139
2000 0.168
2005 0.175
2010 0.189
2015 0.198
Summary across years
. tabout povstat sex hhedu wff immigrant irace yr if age<18 usin g table02.txt, ///
c(col) f(3) clab(%) ptotal(none) svy replace
Survey results being calculated
----+--- 1 ---+--- 2 ---+--- 3 ---+--- 4 ---+--- 5 . .........................................
Table output written to: table02.txt
RECODE of year (Census year)
1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 Total
% % % % % % %
povstat
0 0.873 0.840 0.852 0.809 0.781 0.793 0.823
1 0.127 0.160 0.148 0.191 0.219 0.207 0.177
Sex
Male 0.512 0.508 0.513 0.513 0.518 0.512 0.513
Female 0.488 0.492 0.487 0.487 0.482 0.488 0.487
Family head education
HS or Less 0.546 0.391 0.492 0.472 0.431 0.397 0.454
Some College/AA 0.239 0.369 0.259 0.260 0.287 0.274 0.280
BA+ 0.214 0.240 0.249 0.268 0.281 0.328 0.265
waldfogel five family structure: numparents and work
two parents both work 0.354 0.453 0.435 0.376 0.369 0.418 0.400
single parent who works 0.104 0.148 0.181 0.201 0.206 0.225 0.180
two parents, 1 works 0.436 0.308 0.294 0.315 0.290 0.270 0.317
single parent not work 0.056 0.064 0.056 0.078 0.099 0.066 0.071
two parent neither works 0.050 0.027 0.034 0.029 0.036 0.021 0.033
RECODE of citizen (Citizenship status)
Non-immigrant 0.983 0.981 0.955 0.949 0.964 0.973 0.967
immigrant 0.017 0.019 0.045 0.051 0.036 0.027 0.033
Race
White 0.946 0.905 0.815 0.820 0.789 0.797 0.841
Non-White 0.054 0.095 0.185 0.180 0.211 0.203 0.159
Research question 1: What is the child poverty rate in Oregon?
. tabout yr if age<18 using table03.txt, ///
c(mean povstat) f(3) clab(%) ptotal(none) svy sum replace
Survey results being calculated
----+--- 1 ---+--- 2 ---+--- 3 ---+--- 4 ---+--- 5 . .........
Table output written to: table03.txt
RECODE of year (Census year) %
1980 0.127
1990 0.160
2000 0.148
2005 0.191
2010 0.219
2015 0.207
Figure 1: Percent poverty across year
. use ACS1980_2015_v1, clear
. tabstat povstat [w=perwt] if age<18, by(yr) save
(analytic weights assumed)
Summary for variables: povstat
by categories of: yr (RECODE of year (Census year))
yr | mean
-------+----------
1980 | .1269661
1990 | .1599498
2000 | .1481908
2005 | .1909169
2010 | .2191034
2015 | .2069388
-------+----------
Total | .1771858
------------------
. tabstatmat povmat
povmat[7,1]
povstat
1980:mean .12696614
1990:mean .15994979
2000:mean .1481908
2005:mean .19091687
2010:mean .21910338
2015:mean .20693883
Total:mean .17718576
. gen orpov = .
(558,572 missing values generated)
. replace orpov = povmat[6,1] if year==2015
(39,992 real changes made)
. replace orpov = povmat[5,1] if year==2010
(38,464 real changes made)
. replace orpov = povmat[4,1] if year==2005
(35,485 real changes made)
. replace orpov = povmat[3,1] if year==2000
(171,666 real changes made)
. replace orpov = povmat[2,1] if year==1990
(140,984 real changes made)
. replace orpov = povmat[1,1] if year==1980
(131,981 real changes made)
. collapse (mean) povstat [w=perwt] if age<18, by(year rmetro orp ov)
(analytic weights assumed)
. twoway (line orpov year, lpattern(dash_dot)), title("Child Pove rty in Oregon") ///
note("Source: Census ACS from IPUMS.org") ytitle("Poverty rate") ///
legend( order(1 "rural" 2 "urban" 3 "Oregon") rows(1)) xlabel(1980(5)2015) ylabel(.1(.05).3)
. graph export fig1.png, replace
(file fig1.png written in PNG format)
Fig1
Figure 1. Child poverty over time
Research question 2: What is the child poverty rate in rural Oregon over time?
. twoway (line povstat year if rmetro==0) (line povstat year if rmetro==1) ///
(line orpov year, lpattern(dash_dot)), title("Child Poverty in Oregon") ///
note("Source: Census ACS from IPUMS.org") ytitle("Poverty rate") ///
legend( order(1 "rural" 2 "urban" 3 "Oregon") rows(1)) xlabel(1980(5)2015)
. graph export fig2.png, replace
(file fig2.png written in PNG format)
Figure 2. Child poverty over time across metro and non-metro
. use ACS1980_2015_v1, clear
. bysort rmetro: tabstat povstat [w=perwt] if age<18, by(yr) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -> rmetro = rural (analytic weights assumed) Summary for variables: povstat by categories of: yr (RECODE of year (Census year)) yr | mean -------+---------- 1980 | .1406781 1990 | .1895312 2000 | .1724134 2005 | .2169929 2010 | .2641961 2015 | .2335568 -------+---------- Total | .2013487 ------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -> rmetro = metro (analytic weights assumed) Summary for variables: povstat by categories of: yr (RECODE of year (Census year)) yr | mean -------+---------- 1980 | .1184764 1990 | .1430002 2000 | .1375747 2005 | .1800781 2010 | .2009082 2015 | .1962687 -------+---------- Total | .1659759 ------------------
. bysort year: fre povstatcate [w=perwt] if age<18 & rmetro==0 (frequency weights assumed) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -> year = 1980 povstatcate ------------------------------------------------------------------ | Freq. Percent Valid Cum. ---------------------+-------------------------------------------- Valid 0 non-poor | 173360 62.03 62.66 62.66 1 low-income | 64380 23.04 23.27 85.93 2 poor | 38920 13.93 14.07 100.00 Total | 276660 98.99 100.00 Missing . | 2820 1.01 Total | 279480 100.00 ------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -> year = 1990 povstatcate ------------------------------------------------------------------ | Freq. Percent Valid Cum. ---------------------+-------------------------------------------- Valid 0 non-poor | 143015 54.53 55.07 55.07 1 low-income | 67467 25.72 25.98 81.05 2 poor | 49222 18.77 18.95 100.00 Total | 259704 99.01 100.00 Missing . | 2584 0.99 Total | 262288 100.00 ------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -> year = 2000 povstatcate ------------------------------------------------------------------ | Freq. Percent Valid Cum. ---------------------+-------------------------------------------- Valid 0 non-poor | 142819 55.33 56.04 56.04 1 low-income | 68084 26.38 26.72 82.76 2 poor | 43938 17.02 17.24 100.00 Total | 254841 98.73 100.00 Missing . | 3269 1.27 Total | 258110 100.00 ------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -> year = 2005 povstatcate ------------------------------------------------------------------ | Freq. Percent Valid Cum. ---------------------+-------------------------------------------- Valid 0 non-poor | 123362 49.63 50.31 50.31 1 low-income | 68647 27.62 27.99 78.30 2 poor | 53211 21.41 21.70 100.00 Total | 245220 98.65 100.00 Missing . | 3357 1.35 Total | 248577 100.00 ------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -> year = 2010 povstatcate ------------------------------------------------------------------ | Freq. Percent Valid Cum. ---------------------+-------------------------------------------- Valid 0 non-poor | 112097 44.86 45.35 45.35 1 low-income | 69793 27.93 28.23 73.58 2 poor | 65309 26.13 26.42 100.00 Total | 247199 98.92 100.00 Missing . | 2700 1.08 Total | 249899 100.00 ------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -> year = 2015 povstatcate ------------------------------------------------------------------ | Freq. Percent Valid Cum. ---------------------+-------------------------------------------- Valid 0 non-poor | 115405 46.90 47.31 47.31 1 low-income | 71542 29.07 29.33 76.64 2 poor | 56968 23.15 23.36 100.00 Total | 243915 99.12 100.00 Missing . | 2173 0.88 Total | 246088 100.00 ------------------------------------------------------------------
. quietly svyset [pweight=perwt]
. keep if rmetro ==0 //keep only rural
(350,971 observations deleted)
Focus on rural
What is rural family–work structure of all children in 2015?
Using the Waldfogel (2009) five category
. tabout wff [aw=perwt] if yr==5 using table04.txt, ///
c(col) f(3) clab(%) ptotal(none) svy oneway replace
Survey results being calculated
----+--- 1 ---+--- 2 ---+--- 3 ---+--- 4 ---+--- 5 . .....
Table output written to: table04.txt
waldfogel five family structure: numparents and work %
two parents both work 0.357
single parent who works 0.224
two parents, 1 works 0.247
single parent not work 0.129
two parent neither works 0.044
What is rural family–work structure of children in 2015?
Using the Waldfogel (2009) five category
. catplot wff [aw=perwt] if age<18 & year==1980, percent asyvar s vertical ///
ytitle("Percent") ///
title("Family-work structure demographics 1980") ///
subtitle("") ///
note("Source: IPUMS ACS") ///
ysize(3) blabel(bar, format(%9.1f)) bargap(5)
. graph export fig3.png, replace
(file fig3.png written in PNG format)
. catplot wff [aw=perwt] if age<18 & year==2015, percent asyvar s vertical ///
ytitle("Percent") ///
title("Family-work structure demographics 2015") ///
subtitle("") ///
note("Source: IPUMS ACS") ///
ysize(3) blabel(bar, format(%9.1f)) bargap(5)
. graph export fig4.png, replace
(file fig4.png written in PNG format)
Figure 3. rural family–work structure across poverty in 2015
Figure 4. rural family–work structure across poverty in 2015
What is rural family–work structure of children across poverty in 1980?
Using the Waldfogel (2009) five category
. catplot povstatcate wff [aw=perwt] if age<18 & year==1980 & r metro==0, percent(povstatcate) asyvars vertical ///
ytitle("Percent") ///
title("Family-work structure across poverty levels 1980") ///
subtitle("") ///
note("Source: IPUMS ACS") ///
ysize(3) blabel(bar, format(%9.1f))
. graph export fig5.png, replace
(file fig5.png written in PNG format)
Figure 5. rural family–work structure across poverty in 1980
What is rural family–work structure of children across poverty in 2015?
Using the Waldfogel (2009) five category
. catplot povstatcate wff [aw=perwt] if age<18 & year==2015, pe rcent(povstatcate) asyvars vertical ///
ytitle("Percent") ///
title("Family-work structure across poverty levels 2015") ///
subtitle("") ///
note("Source: IPUMS ACS") ///
ysize(3) blabel(bar, format(%9.1f))
. graph export fig6.png, replace
(file fig6.png written in PNG format)
Figure 6. rural family–work structure across poverty in 2015
What is rural family–work structure over time?
Using the Waldfogel (2009) five category
. tabout wff year if age<18 using table05.txt, ///
c(col) f(3) clab(%) ptotal(none) svy replace
Survey results being calculated
----+--- 1 ---+--- 2 ---+--- 3 ---+--- 4 ---+--- 5 . ......
Table output written to: table05.txt
Census year
waldfogel five family structure: numparents and work 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 Total
% % % % % % %
two parents both work 0.337 0.439 0.437 0.389 0.372 0.369 0.390
single parent who works 0.089 0.134 0.186 0.209 0.226 0.244 0.178
two parents, 1 works 0.453 0.321 0.275 0.274 0.233 0.268 0.308
single parent not work 0.054 0.070 0.066 0.081 0.127 0.098 0.082
two parent neither works 0.066 0.035 0.037 0.048 0.042 0.021 0.042
What is rural poverty rates across family–work structure over time?
. tabout wff year if age<18 using table06.txt, ///
c(mean povstat) f(3) clab(%) ptotal(none) svy sum replace
Survey results being calculated
----+--- 1 ---+--- 2 ---+--- 3 ---+--- 4 ---+--- 5 . ...........
Table output written to: table06.txt
Census year
waldfogel five family structure: numparents and work 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 Total
% % % % % % %
two parents both work 0.044 0.043 0.031 0.042 0.035 0.018 0.036
single parent who works 0.260 0.337 0.291 0.379 0.377 0.353 0.341
two parents, 1 works 0.088 0.144 0.140 0.152 0.188 0.178 0.139
single parent not work 0.641 0.795 0.683 0.686 0.770 0.833 0.745
two parent neither works 0.281 0.482 0.362 0.558 0.558 0.573 0.439
Figure 7: Child poverty rates by WFF for 1980 and 2015.
. graph bar (mean) povstat [aw=perwt] if age<18 & yr!=1 &yr!=2 & yr!=3 & yr!=4, over(wff, label(angle(forty_five) labsize(small))) by(yr)
. graph export fig7.png, replace
(file fig7.png written in PNG format)
Child poverty rate WFF over time 1980, 2015
. quietly log close
19 Apr 2017
This file contains the regression results.
Simple regression with year and wff
. probit povstat yr##wff [pw=perwt] if age<18
Iteration 0: log pseudolikelihood = -700262.69
Iteration 1: log pseudolikelihood = -524964.09
Iteration 2: log pseudolikelihood = -521387.98
Iteration 3: log pseudolikelihood = -521359.08
Iteration 4: log pseudolikelihood = -521359.07
Probit regression Number of obs = 48,953
Wald chi2(29) = 7133.99
Prob > chi2 = 0.0000
Log pseudolikelihood = -521359.07 Pseudo R2 = 0.2555
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------
| Robust
povstat | Coef. Std. Err. z P>|z| [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------
------
yr |
1980 | 0 (base)
1990 | -.0114757 .0452912 -0.25 0.800 -.1002449 .0772935
2000 | -.158782 .0474718 -3.34 0.001 -.2518249 -.065739
2005 | -.0222688 .0936722 -0.24 0.812 -.205863 .1613254
2010 | -.1067875 .0854746 -1.25 0.212 -.2743146 .0607396
2015 | -.3854205 .1213995 -3.17 0.001 -.6233591 -.1474819
|
wff |
two parents both work | 0 (base)
single parent who works | 1.060778 .0514812 20.61 0.000 .9598764 1.161679
two parents, 1 works | .3525842 .0402307 8.76 0.000 .2737335 .431435
single parent not work | 2.066141 .0583853 35.39 0.000 1.951708 2.180574
two parent neither works | 1.125473 .0560329 20.09 0.000 1.01565 1.235295
|
yr#wff |
1990#single parent who works | .234309 .0686746 3.41 0.001 .0997093 .3689087
1990#two parents, 1 works | .2989324 .0569447 5.25 0.000 .1873228 .410542
1990#single parent not work | .4727174 .0824364 5.73 0.000 .3111451 .6342897
1990#two parent neither works | .5453393 .0879201 6.20 0.000 .3730191 .7176595
2000#single parent who works | .2512216 .068423 3.67 0.000 .117115 .3853282
2000#two parents, 1 works | .4291223 .0600377 7.15 0.000 .3114505 .5467941
2000#single parent not work | .27341 .0829424 3.30 0.001 .1108459 .4359741
2000#two parent neither works | .3853492 .092507 4.17 0.000 .2040387 .5666597
2005#single parent who works | .3586343 .1290474 2.78 0.005 .1057061 .6115625
2005#two parents, 1 works | .347079 .1204575 2.88 0.004 .1109866 .5831714
2005#single parent not work | .1435654 .1738153 0.83 0.409 -.1971064 .4842371
2005#two parent neither works | .7479414 .1903491 3.93 0.000 .3748639 1.121019
2010#single parent who works | .4368022 .1226926 3.56 0.000 .196329 .6772753
2010#two parents, 1 works | .5733609 .1180763 4.86 0.000 .3419355 .8047863
2010#single parent not work | .4849262 .1459424 3.32 0.001 .1988843 .7709681
2010#two parent neither works | .831432 .1794226 4.63 0.000 .4797702 1.183094
2015#single parent who works | .6528215 .1520292 4.29 0.000 .3548496 .9507933
2015#two parents, 1 works | .8140163 .1471315 5.53 0.000 .5256439 1.102389
2015#single parent not work | .9896855 .1833429 5.40 0.000 .63034 1.349031
2015#two parent neither works | 1.147994 .2477194 4.63 0.000 .6624732 1.633515
|
_cons | -1.704071 .0330356 -51.58 0.000 -1.768819 -1.639322
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------
. margins yr#wff, post
Adjusted predictions Number of obs = 48,953
Model VCE : Robust
Expression : Pr(povstat), predict()
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------
| Delta-method
| Margin Std. Err. z P>|z| [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------
------
yr#wff |
1980#two parents both work | .0441839 .0030855 14.32 0.000 .0381364 .0502315
1980#single parent who works | .2600171 .0128076 20.30 0.000 .2349146 .2851195
1980#two parents, 1 works | .0882698 .003675 24.02 0.000 .081067 .0954727
1980#single parent not work | .6413502 .0179867 35.66 0.000 .6060968 .6766036
1980#two parent neither works | .2814302 .0152727 18.43 0.000 .2514964 .3113641
1990#two parents both work | .0431226 .0028376 15.20 0.000 .037561 .0486841
1990#single parent who works | .3370749 .0121447 27.75 0.000 .3132718 .360878
1990#two parents, 1 works | .1436576 .0058375 24.61 0.000 .1322163 .155099
1990#single parent not work | .7948347 .0140039 56.76 0.000 .7673875 .8222819
1990#two parent neither works | .4821595 .0240131 20.08 0.000 .4350948 .5292243
2000#two parents both work | .0312415 .0023989 13.02 0.000 .0265398 .0359432
2000#single parent who works | .2908671 .0101058 28.78 0.000 .2710601 .3106742
2000#two parents, 1 works | .1398161 .0063827 21.91 0.000 .1273062 .1523259
2000#single parent not work | .6832115 .0171088 39.93 0.000 .6496789 .7167441
2000#two parent neither works | .3624076 .0244615 14.82 0.000 .3144639 .4103512
2005#two parents both work | .0421432 .00788 5.35 0.000 .0266987 .0575877
2005#single parent who works | .3794493 .0302555 12.54 0.000 .3201496 .4387491
2005#two parents, 1 works | .1522865 .0169971 8.96 0.000 .1189728 .1856001
2005#single parent not work | .6855823 .0490814 13.97 0.000 .5893846 .78178
2005#two parent neither works | .5584634 .0629093 8.88 0.000 .4351634 .6817634
2010#two parents both work | .0350814 .006103 5.75 0.000 .0231197 .0470431
2010#single parent who works | .3770347 .029881 12.62 0.000 .318469 .4356004
2010#two parents, 1 works | .1881018 .0210791 8.92 0.000 .1467875 .2294161
2010#single parent not work | .7704134 .0327775 23.50 0.000 .7061706 .8346562
2010#two parent neither works | .5580576 .0596499 9.36 0.000 .441146 .6749693
2015#two parents both work | .0183318 .0052524 3.49 0.000 .0080372 .0286264
2015#single parent who works | .3534987 .0306899 11.52 0.000 .2933475 .4136498
2015#two parents, 1 works | .1780321 .0208191 8.55 0.000 .1372275 .2188368
2015#single parent not work | .8330618 .0321853 25.88 0.000 .7699797 .8961439
2015#two parent neither works | .5729838 .0828179 6.92 0.000 .4106637 .7353039
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------
. estimates store wffraw
Full regression
. probit povstat yr##wff age age_head ib0.hhedu i.immigrant i.se x i.irace [pw=perwt] if age<18
Iteration 0: log pseudolikelihood = -695669.02
Iteration 1: log pseudolikelihood = -492662.01
Iteration 2: log pseudolikelihood = -485819.55
Iteration 3: log pseudolikelihood = -485755.2
Iteration 4: log pseudolikelihood = -485755.09
Iteration 5: log pseudolikelihood = -485755.09
Probit regression Number of obs = 48,743
Wald chi2(36) = 6708.74
Prob > chi2 = 0.0000
Log pseudolikelihood = -485755.09 Pseudo R2 = 0.3017
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------
| Robust
povstat | Coef. Std. Err. z P>|z| [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------
------
yr |
1980 | 0 (base)
1990 | .0028169 .0481708 0.06 0.953 -.091596 .0972299
2000 | -.1927909 .0504777 -3.82 0.000 -.2917254 -.0938565
2005 | .0188121 .0976309 0.19 0.847 -.172541 .2101653
2010 | -.0389211 .0903261 -0.43 0.667 -.2159571 .1381148
2015 | -.2906416 .126211 -2.30 0.021 -.5380106 -.0432727
|
wff |
two parents both work | 0 (base)
single parent who works | .9618754 .0536563 17.93 0.000 .856711 1.06704
two parents, 1 works | .2773258 .0426332 6.50 0.000 .1937662 .3608853
single parent not work | 1.878709 .0602823 31.17 0.000 1.760557 1.99686
two parent neither works | 1.014913 .059228 17.14 0.000 .8988278 1.130997
|
yr#wff |
1990#single parent who works | .2766528 .0714511 3.87 0.000 .1366112 .4166945
1990#two parents, 1 works | .298434 .0598967 4.98 0.000 .1810385 .4158294
1990#single parent not work | .4893384 .0852012 5.74 0.000 .3223473 .6563296
1990#two parent neither works | .587405 .0928246 6.33 0.000 .4054722 .7693378
2000#single parent who works | .283233 .071184 3.98 0.000 .1437148 .4227511
2000#two parents, 1 works | .4613309 .0633072 7.29 0.000 .337251 .5854107
2000#single parent not work | .3786054 .0860183 4.40 0.000 .2100125 .5471983
2000#two parent neither works | .4355257 .1012775 4.30 0.000 .2370256 .6340259
2005#single parent who works | .3184397 .1327662 2.40 0.016 .0582227 .5786567
2005#two parents, 1 works | .2667082 .1234497 2.16 0.031 .0247513 .5086652
2005#single parent not work | .1717347 .1837722 0.93 0.350 -.1884523 .5319217
2005#two parent neither works | .8371676 .1878561 4.46 0.000 .4689765 1.205359
2010#single parent who works | .4131153 .1283871 3.22 0.001 .1614813 .6647493
2010#two parents, 1 works | .5027221 .1222501 4.11 0.000 .2631163 .7423279
2010#single parent not work | .5186869 .1507867 3.44 0.001 .2231504 .8142235
2010#two parent neither works | .8270614 .1993529 4.15 0.000 .4363369 1.217786
2015#single parent who works | .5814087 .1558574 3.73 0.000 .2759339 .8868835
2015#two parents, 1 works | .7857611 .1516461 5.18 0.000 .4885403 1.082982
2015#single parent not work | 1.089515 .1872236 5.82 0.000 .7225637 1.456467
2015#two parent neither works | 1.097335 .2513163 4.37 0.000 .6047636 1.589905
|
age | -.00991 .0034073 -2.91 0.004 -.0165881 -.0032318
age_head | -.0230067 .0020344 -11.31 0.000 -.0269941 -.0190193
|
hhedu |
HS or Less | 0 (base)
Some College/AA | -.2791045 .0315386 -8.85 0.000 -.3409191 -.2172899
BA+ | -.6743679 .0433022 -15.57 0.000 -.7592386 -.5894971
|
immigrant |
Non-immigrant | 0 (base)
immigrant | .6360939 .0987027 6.44 0.000 .4426402 .8295476
|
sex |
Male | 0 (base)
Female | -.0228502 .0273574 -0.84 0.404 -.0764697 .0307693
|
irace |
White | 0 (base)
Non-White | .2185108 .0438722 4.98 0.000 .1325227 .3044988
|
_cons | -.5978639 .0688043 -8.69 0.000 -.7327179 -.4630099
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------
. margins yr#wff
Predictive margins Number of obs = 48,743
Model VCE : Robust
Expression : Pr(povstat), predict()
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------
| Delta-method
| Margin Std. Err. z P>|z| [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------
------
yr#wff |
1980#two parents both work | .051961 .003524 14.74 0.000 .0450542 .0588679
1980#single parent who works | .2344644 .0118765 19.74 0.000 .2111869 .2577418
1980#two parents, 1 works | .0860245 .0036433 23.61 0.000 .0788838 .0931652
1980#single parent not work | .5522112 .0184858 29.87 0.000 .5159797 .5884426
1980#two parent neither works | .2499576 .0142426 17.55 0.000 .2220427 .2778726
1990#two parents both work | .0522432 .003351 15.59 0.000 .0456754 .058811
1990#single parent who works | .3216742 .0114514 28.09 0.000 .2992299 .3441185
1990#two parents, 1 works | .1393828 .0055338 25.19 0.000 .1285368 .1502287
1990#single parent not work | .7220329 .0161257 44.78 0.000 .6904272 .7536386
1990#two parent neither works | .4508194 .0236018 19.10 0.000 .4045608 .4970779
2000#two parents both work | .0353497 .002653 13.32 0.000 .03015 .0405494
2000#single parent who works | .2611999 .0092187 28.33 0.000 .2431316 .2792681
2000#two parents, 1 works | .1326918 .0061026 21.74 0.000 .1207309 .1446528
2000#single parent not work | .6194932 .0178589 34.69 0.000 .5844904 .654496
2000#two parent neither works | .3271496 .025161 13.00 0.000 .277835 .3764642
2005#two parents both work | .0538684 .0093123 5.78 0.000 .0356165 .0721202
2005#single parent who works | .3412457 .0276454 12.34 0.000 .2870617 .3954296
2005#two parents, 1 works | .1361372 .0147456 9.23 0.000 .1072364 .1650379
2005#single parent not work | .6211686 .0524374 11.85 0.000 .5183932 .7239441
2005#two parent neither works | .5493319 .0562097 9.77 0.000 .4391628 .6595009
2010#two parents both work | .0481849 .0078606 6.13 0.000 .0327784 .0635914
2010#single parent who works | .3539872 .0284831 12.43 0.000 .2981614 .4098129
2010#two parents, 1 works | .1759742 .019204 9.16 0.000 .138335 .2136135
2010#single parent not work | .7181594 .034863 20.60 0.000 .6498291 .7864896
2010#two parent neither works | .5242443 .0635516 8.25 0.000 .3996854 .6488032
2015#two parents both work | .0287516 .0074878 3.84 0.000 .0140757 .0434275
2015#single parent who works | .3254646 .0277078 11.75 0.000 .2711583 .379771
2015#two parents, 1 works | .1836635 .0202412 9.07 0.000 .1439915 .2233355
2015#single parent not work | .8088446 .0327768 24.68 0.000 .7446032 .8730861
2015#two parent neither works | .5311198 .0785289 6.76 0.000 .377206 .6850337
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------
. marginsplot
Variables that uniquely identify margins: yr wff
. graph export fig8.png, replace
(file fig8.png written in PNG format)
Figure 8. Changing risk of poverty for work and family in Oregon
. margins yr#wff, post
Predictive margins Number of obs = 48,743
Model VCE : Robust
Expression : Pr(povstat), predict()
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------
| Delta-method
| Margin Std. Err. z P>|z| [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------
------
yr#wff |
1980#two parents both work | .051961 .003524 14.74 0.000 .0450542 .0588679
1980#single parent who works | .2344644 .0118765 19.74 0.000 .2111869 .2577418
1980#two parents, 1 works | .0860245 .0036433 23.61 0.000 .0788838 .0931652
1980#single parent not work | .5522112 .0184858 29.87 0.000 .5159797 .5884426
1980#two parent neither works | .2499576 .0142426 17.55 0.000 .2220427 .2778726
1990#two parents both work | .0522432 .003351 15.59 0.000 .0456754 .058811
1990#single parent who works | .3216742 .0114514 28.09 0.000 .2992299 .3441185
1990#two parents, 1 works | .1393828 .0055338 25.19 0.000 .1285368 .1502287
1990#single parent not work | .7220329 .0161257 44.78 0.000 .6904272 .7536386
1990#two parent neither works | .4508194 .0236018 19.10 0.000 .4045608 .4970779
2000#two parents both work | .0353497 .002653 13.32 0.000 .03015 .0405494
2000#single parent who works | .2611999 .0092187 28.33 0.000 .2431316 .2792681
2000#two parents, 1 works | .1326918 .0061026 21.74 0.000 .1207309 .1446528
2000#single parent not work | .6194932 .0178589 34.69 0.000 .5844904 .654496
2000#two parent neither works | .3271496 .025161 13.00 0.000 .277835 .3764642
2005#two parents both work | .0538684 .0093123 5.78 0.000 .0356165 .0721202
2005#single parent who works | .3412457 .0276454 12.34 0.000 .2870617 .3954296
2005#two parents, 1 works | .1361372 .0147456 9.23 0.000 .1072364 .1650379
2005#single parent not work | .6211686 .0524374 11.85 0.000 .5183932 .7239441
2005#two parent neither works | .5493319 .0562097 9.77 0.000 .4391628 .6595009
2010#two parents both work | .0481849 .0078606 6.13 0.000 .0327784 .0635914
2010#single parent who works | .3539872 .0284831 12.43 0.000 .2981614 .4098129
2010#two parents, 1 works | .1759742 .019204 9.16 0.000 .138335 .2136135
2010#single parent not work | .7181594 .034863 20.60 0.000 .6498291 .7864896
2010#two parent neither works | .5242443 .0635516 8.25 0.000 .3996854 .6488032
2015#two parents both work | .0287516 .0074878 3.84 0.000 .0140757 .0434275
2015#single parent who works | .3254646 .0277078 11.75 0.000 .2711583 .379771
2015#two parents, 1 works | .1836635 .0202412 9.07 0.000 .1439915 .2233355
2015#single parent not work | .8088446 .0327768 24.68 0.000 .7446032 .8730861
2015#two parent neither works | .5311198 .0785289 6.76 0.000 .377206 .6850337
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------
. estimates store wffadjusted
. matrix list e(V)
symmetric e(V)[30,30]
0.yr# 0.yr# 0.yr# 0.yr# 0.yr# 1.yr# 1.yr# 1.yr# 1.yr# 1.yr# 2.yr#
1.wff 2.wff 3.wff 4.wff 5.wff 1.wff 2.wff 3.wff 4.wff 5.wff 1.wff
0.yr#1.wff .00001242
0.yr#2.wff 7.340e-07 .00014105
0.yr#3.wff 2.199e-07 5.534e-07 .00001327
0.yr#4.wff -2.139e-07 5.886e-06 9.026e-07 .00034172
0.yr#5.wff -1.301e-07 6.130e-07 3.776e-07 4.222e-06 .00020285
1.yr#1.wff 1.867e-07 -5.748e-08 5.765e-08 -1.266e-06 -5.697e-07 .00001123
1.yr#2.wff 2.679e-07 2.166e-06 -9.010e-08 1.678e-06 -1.745e-06 2.813e-07 .00013113
1.yr#3.wff 8.338e-08 -5.120e-07 3.371e-07 -7.284e-07 -3.930e-07 1.873e-07 3.053e-08 .00003062
1.yr#4.wff -7.449e-07 3.276e-06 3.351e-07 .00001225 1.832e-06 -9.796e-07 3.102e-06 -4.659e-08 .00026004
1.yr#5.wff -6.098e-07 -2.076e-06 6.288e-08 1.449e-06 3.539e-06 -4.787e-07 -2.322e-06 -1.517e-08 1.247e-06 .00055704
2.yr#1.wff 3.155e-08 -1.812e-07 -1.214e-07 -8.393e-07 -1.473e-07 5.469e-08 -8.305e-08 -7.756e-08 -8.354e-07 -6.994e-08 7.038e-06
2.yr#2.wff -1.382e-07 1.539e-06 -4.781e-07 2.672e-06 -3.785e-08 -2.913e-07 1.072e-06 -7.350e-07 2.304e-06 -6.840e-07 -3.628e-09
2.yr#3.wff -2.268e-07 -1.173e-06 -1.972e-07 -1.062e-06 6.895e-07 -1.552e-07 -1.274e-06 -2.021e-07 -1.387e-06 1.073e-06 9.318e-08
2.yr#4.wff -8.453e-07 2.191e-06 -6.872e-07 9.158e-06 3.915e-06 -1.262e-06 5.589e-08 -1.553e-06 7.337e-06 3.161e-06 -2.432e-07
2.yr#5.wff -1.362e-06 -2.468e-06 -1.128e-06 2.296e-06 3.558e-06 -1.167e-06 -2.989e-06 -1.218e-06 1.484e-06 4.801e-06 4.696e-08
3.yr#1.wff -4.586e-07 5.137e-07 -6.227e-07 2.368e-06 5.346e-09 -2.540e-08 2.741e-06 5.206e-08 4.276e-06 1.013e-06 -8.176e-08
3.yr#2.wff -3.837e-07 3.443e-07 -1.401e-06 -8.255e-07 -3.430e-06 -3.516e-07 1.115e-06 -1.241e-06 3.917e-07 -3.186e-06 1.447e-07
3.yr#3.wff 9.301e-08 -2.395e-06 -3.479e-07 -6.085e-06 -1.089e-06 5.647e-07 -5.122e-07 -6.522e-08 -4.709e-06 -6.073e-07 4.541e-07
3.yr#4.wff -2.870e-07 2.618e-06 -1.937e-06 2.633e-06 3.505e-06 -4.181e-07 -2.624e-07 -3.459e-06 -2.898e-07 6.888e-07 9.084e-07
3.yr#5.wff 6.962e-07 -1.991e-06 1.198e-06 -4.332e-06 2.824e-06 5.203e-07 -3.783e-06 4.620e-07 -6.437e-06 2.153e-06 2.915e-07
4.yr#1.wff 2.677e-07 -5.623e-07 7.846e-09 -2.891e-06 -7.218e-07 3.353e-07 -2.309e-07 1.233e-07 -2.737e-06 -6.691e-07 1.855e-07
4.yr#2.wff 5.101e-07 2.400e-06 2.721e-07 1.407e-06 -1.651e-06 2.195e-07 2.205e-06 2.699e-09 1.395e-06 -2.874e-06 -8.424e-08
4.yr#3.wff 3.951e-07 -2.956e-06 6.158e-07 -6.744e-06 -3.010e-06 6.230e-07 -9.742e-07 1.309e-06 -4.703e-06 -1.447e-06 4.381e-09
4.yr#4.wff -1.111e-06 2.091e-06 -2.527e-07 .00001156 1.865e-06 -1.434e-06 1.626e-06 -3.004e-07 .00001202 2.755e-06 -8.687e-07
4.yr#5.wff 3.178e-07 -2.638e-06 -8.696e-07 -7.380e-06 3.650e-06 9.051e-07 -7.990e-07 -1.189e-06 -6.567e-06 3.540e-06 1.124e-06
5.yr#1.wff -3.190e-08 -1.220e-06 -5.622e-08 -2.135e-06 3.652e-08 4.045e-08 -1.455e-06 3.576e-08 -2.430e-06 4.048e-07 1.150e-07
5.yr#2.wff 1.688e-07 -4.241e-06 -1.160e-06 -.00001146 -3.026e-06 1.117e-06 -7.873e-07 -2.806e-07 -8.205e-06 -1.459e-06 9.072e-07
5.yr#3.wff 5.219e-08 -6.195e-06 -4.394e-07 -.00001258 -2.319e-06 1.055e-06 -2.641e-06 7.478e-07 -9.239e-06 3.162e-07 6.741e-07
5.yr#4.wff -8.626e-07 6.063e-07 1.040e-07 7.880e-06 7.203e-07 -9.646e-07 2.163e-06 6.239e-07 .00001028 2.437e-06 -8.708e-07
5.yr#5.wff -1.531e-06 -3.445e-06 -2.239e-06 -1.033e-06 4.816e-07 -6.165e-07 -1.023e-06 -1.436e-06 1.596e-06 2.839e-06 3.882e-07
2.yr# 2.yr# 2.yr# 2.yr# 3.yr# 3.yr# 3.yr# 3.yr# 3.yr# 4.yr# 4.yr#
2.wff 3.wff 4.wff 5.wff 1.wff 2.wff 3.wff 4.wff 5.wff 1.wff 2.wff
2.yr#2.wff .00008498
2.yr#3.wff -2.959e-07 .00003724
2.yr#4.wff 3.006e-06 2.924e-07 .00031894
2.yr#5.wff 1.122e-06 1.818e-06 6.698e-06 .00063307
3.yr#1.wff 1.623e-06 -9.438e-07 2.933e-06 -9.773e-07 .00008672
3.yr#2.wff 2.245e-06 -1.015e-07 1.356e-06 1.900e-06 2.077e-06 .00076427
3.yr#3.wff -1.079e-06 7.806e-07 -3.360e-06 1.991e-07 4.292e-07 -2.252e-06 .00021743
3.yr#4.wff 4.515e-06 9.680e-07 .00001035 8.508e-06 6.674e-06 3.453e-06 -3.812e-06 .00274968
3.yr#5.wff -3.350e-06 1.525e-06 -3.891e-06 1.117e-06 -8.032e-07 -7.091e-06 -6.360e-07 -8.737e-06 .00315954
4.yr#1.wff -6.309e-07 9.898e-08 -2.117e-06 -1.006e-06 -2.262e-07 -2.724e-07 9.003e-07 -8.329e-07 8.507e-07 .00006179
4.yr#2.wff 8.616e-07 -9.530e-07 -9.312e-07 -2.951e-06 3.019e-06 -1.261e-06 -1.487e-06 -1.064e-06 -3.165e-06 5.304e-08 .00081128
4.yr#3.wff -2.754e-06 -1.774e-08 -7.122e-06 -2.708e-06 -3.753e-07 -2.872e-06 7.202e-07 -6.423e-06 1.260e-06 1.020e-06 -2.651e-06
4.yr#4.wff 2.734e-06 -7.918e-07 8.580e-06 3.784e-06 2.545e-06 2.331e-07 -2.994e-06 8.098e-06 -3.772e-06 -2.377e-06 -7.449e-08
4.yr#5.wff -1.348e-06 1.675e-06 7.876e-07 4.568e-06 3.691e-06 -5.026e-06 -2.443e-07 3.075e-06 -1.781e-07 4.492e-07 -7.389e-07
5.yr#1.wff -4.690e-07 6.423e-07 -9.436e-07 9.282e-07 8.926e-08 -1.077e-07 1.170e-06 -1.006e-06 1.056e-06 4.744e-07 -9.579e-07
5.yr#2.wff -6.812e-07 1.073e-06 -4.235e-06 1.412e-06 3.803e-06 -1.163e-06 -4.163e-07 -3.511e-06 -6.652e-06 1.544e-06 -7.746e-08
5.yr#3.wff -2.856e-06 1.489e-06 -6.876e-06 8.300e-07 1.649e-06 -3.173e-06 2.048e-06 -8.067e-06 -6.642e-07 1.702e-06 -7.679e-07
5.yr#4.wff 6.419e-07 -7.976e-07 4.188e-06 1.256e-06 3.589e-06 -1.371e-06 -3.585e-07 4.848e-06 -9.798e-07 -2.023e-06 -5.123e-07
5.yr#5.wff 2.789e-06 1.433e-06 6.769e-06 8.566e-06 5.814e-06 3.942e-06 4.506e-07 6.488e-06 -7.750e-06 -7.400e-07 7.339e-07
4.yr# 4.yr# 4.yr# 5.yr# 5.yr# 5.yr# 5.yr# 5.yr#
3.wff 4.wff 5.wff 1.wff 2.wff 3.wff 4.wff 5.wff
4.yr#3.wff .0003688
4.yr#4.wff -6.179e-06 .00121543
4.yr#5.wff -2.330e-06 3.329e-09 .00403881
5.yr#1.wff 1.095e-06 -1.934e-06 1.814e-06 .00005607
5.yr#2.wff 7.673e-07 -3.913e-06 -3.520e-06 8.593e-07 .00076772
5.yr#3.wff 4.272e-06 -6.039e-06 -1.805e-06 1.581e-06 -9.466e-07 .00040971
5.yr#4.wff -3.733e-06 5.217e-06 1.828e-06 -1.846e-06 -1.037e-06 -2.557e-06 .00107432
5.yr#5.wff -2.184e-06 5.651e-06 1.684e-06 -5.561e-07 -5.079e-07 -2.352e-06 3.578e-06 .00616679
. coefplot (wffraw, label(raw)) (wffadjusted, label(adjusted)), ytitle(Poverty Rate) ///
title(Raw and Adjusted Poverty Rates by WFF) keep(0.yr#1.wff 0.yr#2.wff 0.yr#3.wff ///
0.yr#4.wff 0.yr#5.wff 5.yr#1.wff 5.yr#2.wff 5.yr#3.wff 5.yr#4.wff 5.yr#5.wff ) ///
mlabangle(45) vertical
[1980 and 2015 Margins by WFF] (fig9edit.png)
Margins plots from full regression
Margins Plots across all years for Two Parents Two Working
. coefplot (wffadjusted, label(adjusted)), ytitle(Poverty Rate) ///
title(Raw and Adjusted Poverty Rates by WFF) keep(0.yr#1.wff 1.yr#1.wff 2.yr#1.wff 3.yr#1.wff ///
4.yr#1.wff 5.yr#1.wff) ///
mlabangle(45) vertical ///
recast(bar) barwidth(0.5) ciopts(recast(rcap)) citop
For the following five graphs, Graphs were produced in Stata, then edited
and cleaned for visibility. After editing, graphs were saved as .pnw files in
the working folder.
! [Two Parent Two Working] (fig9_2P2W.png)
Margins Plots across all years for One Parent One Working
. coefplot (wffadjusted, label(adjusted)), ytitle(Poverty Rate) ///
title(Raw and Adjusted Poverty Rates by WFF) keep(0.yr#2.wff 1.yr#2.wff 2.yr#2.wff 3.yr#2.wff ///
4.yr#2.wff 5.yr#2.wff) ///
mlabangle(45) vertical ///
recast(bar) barwidth(0.5) ciopts(recast(rcap)) ///
citop
! [One Parent One Working] (fig_91P1W.png)
Margins Plots across all years for Two Parents One Working
. coefplot (wffadjusted, label(adjusted)), ytitle(Poverty Rate ) ///
title(Raw and Adjusted Poverty Rates by WFF) keep(0.yr#3.wff 1.yr#3.wff 2.yr#3.wff 3.yr#3.wff ///
4.yr#3.wff 5.yr#3.wff) ///
mlabangle(45) vertical ///
recast(bar) barwidth(0.5) ciopts(recast(rcap)) ///
citop
! [Two Parent One Working] (fig9_2P1W.png)
Margins Plots across all years for One Parent None Working
. coefplot (wffadjusted, label(adjusted)), ytitle(Poverty Rate) ///
title(Raw and Adjusted Poverty Rates by WFF) keep(0.yr#4.wff 1.yr#4.wff 2.yr#4.wff 3.yr#4.wff ///
4.yr#4.wff 5.yr#4.wff) ///
mlabangle(45) vertical ///
recast(bar) barwidth(0.5) ciopts(recast(rcap)) ///
citop
! [One Parent None Working] (fig9_1P0W.png)
Margins Plots across all years for Two Parents None Working
. coefplot (wffadjusted, label(adjusted)), ytitle(Poverty Rate) ///
title(Raw and Adjusted Poverty Rates by WFF) keep(0.yr#5.wff 1.yr#5.wff 2.yr#5.wff 3.yr#5.wff ///
4.yr#5.wff 5.yr#5.wff) ///
mlabangle(45) vertical ///
recast(bar) barwidth(0.5) ciopts(recast(rcap)) ///
citop
! [Two Parent None Working] (fig9_2P0W.png)
. quietly log close